If you travel to Hawai‘i, Kaua‘i, Moloka‘i, O‘ahu, or Maui, there’s a chance you’ll see one of the most storied endemic treasures the Hawaiian islands have to offer. It’s so unique that this remarkable bird proudly holds the title of Hawaiʻi’s official state bird. The Nēnē goose is a stark reminder of the delicate balance between life and extinction. The Nēnē was once numbered in the tens of thousands, but faced a dramatic population decline due to habitat loss, predators, and hunting. Facing near extinction, conservationists and researchers stepped in to prevent the end of the Nēnē goose.
As the state bird of our amazing islands, we want to share the fascinating world of the Nēnē goose, exploring unique characteristics, its life of near extinction, and the inspiring journey of its recovery. As the Nēnē’s population grows, we’ll share what steps conservation groups are taking to keep this incredible species alive.
What Makes the Hawaiian Nēnē Goose Special?
Researchers believe the Nēnē originated from the Canada goose that arrived in the Hawaiian Islands some millions of years ago. Over this extended period of time, the Nēnē became isolated from their mainland relatives and were subjected to the unique environmental challenges of our volcanic islands. As evolution took its course, certain physical and behavioral traits emerged, setting this species apart from its once near Canadian relative.
Unlike most geese that have strong ties to water, the Nēnē has evolved to live a primary existence on land. Less webbed feet provide better grip and mobility for the uneven volcanic terrain and grassy slopes often seen with the Hawaiian islands. Its brown and gray appearance offers more camouflage with more of the dry shrubland and unique lava landscape.
Nēnē eat largely a diet of leaves, berries, seeds, and flowers. As more land-based birds, they are quick to grow strong bonds and can be territorial over their land. They are also prone to nesting on the ground. The largest population of Nēnē on Maui can be found in Haleakalā National Park, a landscape that matches the higher altitude volcanic terrain and more dry shrublands. You may encounter them in other protected areas of our island at lower elevations, which is why conservation and protection efforts extend outside Haleakalā.
Why Is the Nēnē Goose Endangered?
The Nēnē goose population felt the early threat of human impact when both Polynesian and Western explorers arrived. Hunting by early settlers kicked off the start of the decline, but the more devastating impact came when non-native predators began to attack. Mongoose, feral cats, dogs, and rats all took advantage of the ground-nesting Nēnē, who had no natural defenses. Add in large-scale habitat destruction from agriculture, ranching, and development, and by the mid-20th century, the global population was only 30 individuals.
As the Nēnē approached extinction, conservationists initiated intensive captive breeding programs and reintroduction efforts, working to control predators and restore native habitats. Their efforts paid off and the Nēnē’s population is slowly improving, classifying this species now as Endangered.
Conservation & Protection Efforts for the Nēnē Goose
The recovery efforts for the Nēnē goose are still ongoing and visitors should follow these guidelines when visiting Maui:
- Stay at least 60 feet away when observing (possible when hiking).
- Do not feed Nēnē.
- Be cautious when driving, especially in areas where Nēnē are primarily located.
- Support conservation efforts and join in the recovery effort for this amazing species.
As a part of a continued effort to protect this endangered species, organizations and initiatives exist on Maui to actively support their recovery. By understanding the importance of supporting these ongoing efforts, both residents and visitors can play an important role in ensuring a future for the Nēnē goose on Maui.
We at the Maui Ocean Center value the awareness and practice of conservation on our island. We have so many amazing features at our center that it is a must-visit destination while you’re here visiting us. Come enjoy and experience our exhibits, experiences, award-winning restaurant, and locally-curated gift shop.
When traveling to Maui there will never be a shortage of things and places to see. Make sure you’re always abiding by local and cultural laws when exploring the natural beauty of Maui and most importantly, relax! That’s what you came to do after all.
